BEACH, J.
The defendant, Marsha P., appeals from the judgment of conviction, rendered after a jury trial, of risk of injury to a child in violation of General Statutes § 53-21(a)(1).
The following facts, as reasonably found by the jury, and procedural history are relevant. On July 4, 2007, at approximately 8:30 p.m., the defendant was driving on Main Street in Stratford with her three children. J, age nine, was in the passenger seat; H, age seven, was in the backseat behind the defendant; and M, age six, was in the middle of the backseat. While driving in the left northbound lane at an intersection, the defendant stopped her vehicle at a red light. Also stopped at the red light were two cars in the right lane. Beyond the light, the right and left lanes merged into one lane and the lane veered right.
When the light turned green, the two vehicles in the right lane accelerated. The speed limit was forty miles per hour and the cars in the right lane were traveling at thirty-five to forty miles per hour. At first, the defendant did not move her vehicle, but then she accelerated her vehicle past the vehicles in the right lane and failed to merge. As the road curved, the defendant's vehicle continued straight and accelerated. The defendant's vehicle crossed the double yellow line into the southbound lane and struck an oncoming vehicle. M and J died as a result of the accident.
The defendant was charged with two counts of manslaughter in the second degree with a motor vehicle while under the influence of intoxicating liquor (with respect to M and J) in violation of General Statutes (Rev. to 2007) § 53a-56b, three counts of risk of injury to a child (with respect to M, J and H) in violation of § 53-21(a)(1) and three counts of assault in the second degree with a motor vehicle while under the influence of intoxicating liquor (with respect to H and the occupants of the vehicle in the southbound lane) in violation of General Statutes (Rev. to 2007) § 53a-60d. After a jury trial, the defendant was found guilty of risk of injury with respect to M and was acquitted of the remaining counts. She was sentenced to five years incarceration, execution suspended, with five years probation and a fine of $5000.
The defendant first claims that the court erred by failing to instruct the jury that the motor vehicle infraction of General Statutes § 14-100a, concerning child safety in motor vehicles, was a lesser included offense of the crime of risk of injury to a child.
With respect to the risk of injury charge regarding M, the state charged in its bill of particulars that the defendant committed risk of injury by operating her motor vehicle while under the influence of intoxicating liquor and by not having M
In her written request to charge, the defendant requested that the jury be instructed that to find her guilty of risk of injury, the jury must find that she either drove while intoxicated or failed to secure the children properly in seat belts or restraining devices. In a supplemental request to charge, the defendant stated: "The state elected in this case not to pursue [§] 14-100a, an infraction. Because the offense is an infraction, the defendant does not have the right to request it as a lesser included offense for the jury's consideration. Pivotal to the state's claim is that the defendant wilfully failed to assure her children were restrained. This mental state is considerably more culpable than mere negligence. The jury should be alerted that there is an infraction for which the defendant can be found guilty. The defendant cannot have committed the offense of risk of injury to a minor without satisfying the elements of [§] 14-100a. But for the fact that the offense is an infraction, [§] 14-100a would be an appropriate lesser included offense under State v. Whistnant [179 Conn. 576, 583, 427 A.2d 414 (1980)]. It is fundamentally unfair and a violation of due process to permit the jury to labor under the assumption that [their] only choice in assessing the seat belt issue is a felony; lawmakers have created an infraction that arguably covers the conduct in question." (Emphasis added.)
At the charging conference, the court noted that its intended charge seemed to accomplish the same goal as the defendant's supplemental request and asked defense counsel to expand on his argument. Defense counsel explained that the defendant was not entitled to have a jury consider § 14-100a as a lesser included offense because a violation of that statute is an infraction for which the defendant is not entitled to a jury trial. Defense counsel argued that the jury, however, should know that there is an infraction that corresponds to the risk of injury counts so that it could be argued to the jury during closing arguments that the infraction does not require wilfulness or deliberate indifference, which risk of injury requires, and which, the defendant argues, the state failed to prove. Defense counsel then stated that while he had not found case law supporting the proposition that the defendant was entitled to a lesser included offense instruction on an infraction, "I would claim that I have that right as a matter of due process, anticipating the [trial court is] not willing to go where no court has ever gone before, I do believe the information is appropriate for the jury so that I can say to them during closing argument, I'm not asking you to forgive everything that you saw in this case, but
Following closing arguments and outside the presence of the jury, the court discussed with counsel the charge that it had drafted in response to defense counsel's supplemental request to charge. Defense counsel stated: "I ... continue to believe that ... an injustice has worked on my client by her not being able to have [§] 14-100a as a lesser included offense. So, I... don't abandon that claim."
With respect to the interplay between the risk of injury charge and § 14-100a, the court charged the jury that "the state has argued that the defendant placed [M], [J] and [H] ... at risk of harm by driving while intoxicated. With respect to [J] and [M] ... only, not [H] ... the state also argues that she failed to properly secure or restrain them with seat belts or child restraining systems. As to this basis upon which the state relies, you are instructed that under Connecticut laws, specifically title 14, § 100a, an operator of a vehicle is required, for a child six years old or under, or one who weighs less than sixty pounds, to provide and require use of a child restraint system. For children between the ages of seven and sixteen who weigh over sixty pounds, the operator must require the use of either a child restraint system or the use of seat belts. If you find that the defendant violated these specific provisions under Connecticut law, that fact alone does not satisfy the elements of the ... risk of injury charge. In this count, you are not being asked to render a verdict as to whether the defendant violated this provision of Connecticut law. It is, however, a factor you may consider in determining whether the state has met its burden of proof. In summary, the state must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant wilfully caused or permitted the minor to be placed in a situation inimical to the child's welfare; the situation endangered his or her life or limb; and, the minor was under sixteen years of age at the time. If you unanimously find that the state has proved beyond a reasonable doubt each of the elements of the crime of risk of injury to a minor, then you shall find the defendant guilty. On the other hand, if you unanimously find that the state has failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt any of the elements, you shall find the defendant not guilty."
We set forth the relevant standard of review. "[T]here is no fundamental constitutional right to a jury instruction
"In considering whether the defendant has satisfied the requirements set forth in State v. Whistnant, supra, 179 Conn. [at] 588 [427 A.2d 414], we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the defendant's request for a charge on the lesser included offense.... On appeal, an appellate court must reverse a trial court's failure to give the requested instruction if we cannot as a matter of law exclude [the] possibility that the defendant is guilty only of the lesser offense." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Corbin, 260 Conn. 730, 744-45, 799 A.2d 1056 (2002).
"It is well settled that ... [a] proposed instruction on a lesser included offense constitutes an appropriate instruction for purposes of the first prong of Whistnant if it complies with Practice Book [§ 42-18].... We previously ... held, in the context of a written request to charge on a lesser included offense, [that the] requirement of [§ 42-18] is met only if the proposed request contains such a complete statement of the essential facts as would have justified the court in charging in the form requested." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Jones, 289 Conn. 742, 759, 961 A.2d 322 (2008); see also Practice Book § 42-18.
The defendant argues that all four prongs of Whistnant are satisfied. With respect to the first prong, she argues that although her request "did not comply with the letter of every Practice Book stricture, it substantially complied with its spirit adequately enough to inform the trial court of the legal basis for the charge, and the factual foundation as well, as is evidenced by the request itself and the extensive arguments held regarding it."
Even if we were to assume, without deciding, that an infraction can be considered
At the charging conference, the defendant persisted in her position that she was not entitled to a lesser included offense instruction as to § 14-100a. Defense counsel stated that the defendant was not entitled to a lesser included offense instruction as to § 14-100a because a violation of that statutory section was an infraction. Defense counsel noted that he had not found case law supporting the proposition that the defendant is entitled to a lesser included offense instruction on an infraction and that he did not anticipate that the court would be "willing to go where no court has ever gone before...." Defense counsel argued that for fairness, the court should instruct the jury as to the existence of § 14-100a but should tell the jury that the question of whether § 14-100a was violated as a separate offense was not for its consideration. The court stated that it would add such language to its instruction, and defense counsel stated that he had no objection.
Despite having consistently taken the position that the defendant was not entitled to a lesser included offense instruction as to § 14-100a, after closing arguments and prior to the court's jury charge, defense counsel stated that he was not "abandoning" the defendant's claim that she was entitled to a lesser included offense instruction as to § 14-100a.
Defense counsel's last minute statement prior to the jury charge that he was not "abandoning" a claim that he had not previously made does not satisfy the first prong of Whistnant. See State v. Rudd, 62 Conn.App. 702, 707, 773 A.2d 370 (2001) ("[w]e have further rejected the view that an in-court discussion of whether the [requested] charge was warranted, held immediately before the court's charge to the jury, is an acceptable alternative to the rules of practice" [internal quotation marks omitted]). Although detailed colloquies that adequately inform the court of the factual and legal bases for the instructional request accompanied by incomplete written requests in partial compliance with
The defendant, however, argues that although her "request may be inartful, any nonconformity in the defendant's request should not be deemed fatal because, as in [State v. Arena, 235 Conn. 67, 77, 663 A.2d 972 (1995)], the defendant here labored to fashion an adequate request in an unsettled frontier of the law." In Arena, our Supreme Court held that the defendant's failure to cite specific authority in his request to charge, where it was unsettled whether the offense at issue was a lesser included offense of the charged crime, was not fatal. Id., at 77, 663 A.2d 972. In Arena, the defendant clearly and unequivocally asked for a lesser included offense instruction in his written request to charge. Id., at 70, 663 A.2d 972. In the present case, unlike Arena, defense counsel failed to request a lesser included offense instruction as to § 14-100a at all and maintained until just prior to the court's charge to the jury that the defendant was not entitled to such an instruction. As stated previously in this opinion, defense counsel's last minute exception was not sufficient to satisfy the first prong of Whistnant.
The defendant next claims that the court committed plain error by denying her posttrial motion for a new trial. We are not persuaded.
Our Supreme Court "recently clarified the two step framework under which [an appellate court] review[s] claims of plain error. First, we must determine whether the trial court in fact committed an error and, if it did, whether that error was indeed plain in the sense that it is patent [or] readily discernable on the face of a factually adequate record, [and] also... obvious in the sense of not debatable.... [T]his inquiry entails a relatively high standard, under which it is not enough for the defendant simply to demonstrate that his position is correct. Rather, the party seeking plain error review must demonstrate that the claimed impropriety was so clear, obvious and indisputable as to warrant the extraordinary remedy of reversal....
"In addition, although a clear and obvious mistake on the part of the trial court is a prerequisite for reversal under the plain error doctrine, such a finding is not, without more, sufficient to warrant the application of the doctrine. Because [a] party cannot prevail under plain error unless it has demonstrated that the failure to grant relief will result in
In her posttrial motion for a new trial, the defendant argued, inter alia, that she was deprived of her right to a jury charge on the lesser included offense of § 14-100a. In denying the motion, the court reasoned that, although it believed that such a lesser included offense instruction could properly be given, the defendant failed to satisfy, inter alia, the first prong of Whistnant.
The court's denial of the defendant's motion for a new trial did not constitute error. As we have stated previously in part I of this opinion, the defendant failed to satisfy the first prong of Whistnant and, thus, was not entitled to a lesser included offense instruction on § 14-100a. The defendant's claim does not present the type of extraordinary situation that warrants application of the plain error doctrine.
The defendant last claims that the court erred in denying her motion for a judgment of acquittal with respect to her conviction of risk of injury to a child based on insufficient evidence. We disagree.
"The standard of review [that] we [ordinarily] apply to a claim of insufficient evidence is well established. In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence to support a criminal conviction we apply a two-part test. First, we construe the evidence in the light most favorable to sustaining the verdict. Second, we determine whether upon the facts so construed and the inferences reasonably drawn therefrom the [finder of fact] reasonably could have concluded that the cumulative force of the evidence established guilt beyond a reasonable doubt." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Cook, 287 Conn. 237, 254, 947 A.2d 307, cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 129 S.Ct. 464, 172 L.Ed.2d 328 (2008).
In its bill of particulars, the state charged that the defendant committed risk of injury to a child by, inter alia, not having her children properly restrained as required by § 14-100a. Section 14-100a (d)(1) provides in relevant part that "[a]ny person who transports a child six years of age and under or weighing less than sixty pounds, in a motor vehicle on the highways of this state shall provide and require the child to use a child restraint system approved pursuant to regulations adopted by the Department of Motor Vehicles in accordance with the provisions of chapter 54...." The only element with which the defendant takes issue is that of an approved child restraint system. She argues that no evidence was elicited at trial as to what constitutes an approved child restraint system.
A child seven years of age or older and weighing sixty or more pounds is required to "use an approved child restraint system or ... a seat safety belt...."
The evidence demonstrated that M was not using anything other than a lap belt. Joseph Rubin, who lived near the accident scene, pulled M from the burning car. Rubin testified that M was not in a child safety seat and was wearing only a lap belt. Medical testimony revealed that M's internal organs suffered fatal injuries as a result of her lap belt being above her abdomen instead of at her thighs. The jury reasonably could have determined that M was wearing only a lap belt. Under the statute, a lap belt was not sufficient.
The judgment is affirmed.
In this opinion the other judges concurred.
We note that the question of whether in general an infraction may be considered a lesser included offense has not been definitively answered in this jurisdiction. See, e.g., State v. Hancich, 200 Conn. 615, 619, 513 A.2d 638 (1986); State v. Rudd, 62 Conn.App. 702, 705 n. 5, 773 A.2d 370 (2001); State v. Kluttz, 9 Conn.App. 686, 699-701, 521 A.2d 178 (1987).
